Studio One and the Ska Scene

Whenever I tell someone I dig reggae, I typically get a quizzical look followed by, "Isn't reggae pretty much the same thing over and over again?" Not quite, since one could pretty much say the same thing about the blues, swing or bebop. As we know, each of these genres is just a category in which highly individual and inventive efforts are served up. Like r&b and the blues, reggae is singular music that features different complex rhythm patterns, subtle harmonies and, in some cases, nifty horn arrangements. [Pictured: early reggae artist Alton Ellis]

Over time, reggae has grown more complex and today incorporates rap, house and even techno music. But since reggae's beginnings in the 1960s, the earthy music has had much in common with jazz, soul and pop, slipping into U.S. hits while borrowing deliciously from American forms in Jamaica. What emerged was a blending of Jamaican roots, Caribbean sensibilities and America soul.

When most people think of reggae, the songs that come immediately to mind are Paul Simon's Mother and Child Reunion (1972), Eric Clapton's version of I Shot the Sheriff (1974), Stevie Wonder's Master Blaster (1980) and Blondie's cover of The Tide Is High (1981). But reggae entered America's mainstream music much earlier. Millie Small's My Boy Lollipop (1965) has a reggae beat. So does the Beatles' Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da (1968). In fact, the latter song's lyrics about "Desmond" with his barrow in the marketplace is a nod to Desmond Dekker, a reggae artist whose big hit here a year later was Israelites (1969). But enough of the commercial stuff.

Reggae is a term that has come to mean all Jamaican music. But in fact, it originally was a term for specific style of Jamaican music that came into its own in the late 1960s, building on the popularity of "ska," another form. Ska began in the late 1950s as a rhythmic style heavily influenced by the horns of hard bop and the feel of r&b and soul. Ska grew in popularity in the early 1960s as it borrowed from American pop hits of the day. Jamaicans who traveled to south Florida to work on farms during harvest season typically returned home with suitcases filled with 45-rpms purchased in American record stores.

Back home in Jamaica, these 45-rpms were played at house parties, and Jamaican musicians soon were playing and recording their own versions of these hits, adding their own flavor, rhythms and horn riffs. Ska, in general, is more lively and upbeat than the laid-back, moodier reggae that followed. Reggae, in short, used a stricter rhythmic placement of chords known as the "one drop."

The record label that had the most success leveraging ska (and eventually reggae) was Studio One. Like America's Motown and Stax labels, Studio One developed a highly popular formula and sound. Studio One opened in 1957 in Kingston, and by the 1960s recording artists included John Holt, Alton Ellis, the Gladiators, Marcia Griffiths, the Heartbeats, the Termites and many others.

Rather than provide you with more and more history and analysis, here are six clips of my favorite Studio One artists. As you will hear, many of these examples of ska have an American soul feel with a rhythmic placement of jazz horns:

Here's John Holt's cover of A Love I Can Feel...

Here's Alton Ellis' cover of You've Made Me So Very Happy...

Here's Marcia Griffiths' Melody Life...

Here's the Heptones' Get in the Groove...

Here's Johnny Osborne's Jah Promise...

And here's one of my favorite John Holt tracks, OK Fred...

JazzWax tracks: If you dig these tracks, you'll find them on a download called The Best of Studio One at iTunes or on the CD at Amazon here. The remastering is superb. Then you can drill down and explore each individual artist's works on different CD releases. This is fascinating music, and if you grew up in the 1960s, you'll recognize the sound of America's independent soul labels from Detroit, Philadelphia and New York. Another tremendous CD is a compilation of Alton Ellis' material called Be True to Yourself here.

Comments

[Rab Hines]

First Disco, Marc, and now Reggae?

Actually, I share your enthusiasm for Reggae and have probably been to as many Reggae shows as Jazz ones. Growing up in Crown Heights allowed for much exposure and a consequent appreciation of this vital and still developing form, although I solidly prefer the classic style. In the same buildings and streets where Bud Powell, Bobby Timmons, Kenny Dorham and others lived (and live), you will now as likely as not find dreads and root rhythm. And long before I discovered Academy records and the like, I was a regular at Strakers - I saw Keith Richards there a couple of times..

And I also appreciate your observation regarding it "...all sounding the same."

Blues, standard song form, tango and some other forms appear deceptively simple in structure but are capable of remarkable variation.

You continue to impress.

[IGFarben]

Thanks so much for this post. I've been getting deeper into roots reggae recently, but I know next to nothing about ska, so the listening tips are especially welcome. Thanks as well for dismissing claims that the forms taken by Jamaican music are "limited". All musical forms are limited, aren't they? That's why they're called "forms" and not "collections of unrelated stuff", or so I've always assumed.

[David]

Surprised not to see any mention of Ernest Ranglin who stradled the worlds of jazz and reggae.

[mrebks]

Let's see... second-line stuff broadcast from New Orleans plus r&b hits brought in from Miami intermix with Mento and general islands sounds to produce high-steppin' Ska, which rubs up against some too-hot summers so gradually ameliorates into Rock Steady, which soon stutter-slows even more to become true Reggae (circa 1969-71)--but this bumps into political violence and sufficient attitude to generate speedier Rockas/Rockers, and in the meantime, the vocal-suppressed B-sides of 45s have invented remixed Dub Music at whatever tempo, and toasting deejays have shouted out from these Dub beds to conquer whole sections of the mesmerized listening world, while the music gets faster and nastier and lo! it's Dancehall and soon-come oversexed Ragga, and Marley is dead, and suddenly indifference and indecision seem about to rule all... but then the Rastafarian-conscious chanters and singers come down from the misty mystical hills to save the youth and i-dren of the new century, while somewhat forgotten, Dub and Deejay have continued to inculcate the thinking of whole nations of musicians and so have helped generate hip-hop and rap, drum & bass and trance, and various other sub-genres of modern world music, until Serious Wisdom can be heard and seen throughout the nation, and the Carib islands, and the outlands listening always... but it all still sounds alike of course.

[Jd Crouhy]

I agree with david, Ernest Ranglin, who's the greatest Jamaican guitarist (my biggest influence when i've studied guitar)has always play Jazz and Reggae ! Like pianist Monty Alexander.

'Bout ska i've always thought that the arrangement of Caravan's (on sopgisticated lady - Rca victor remaster) Ellington have a ska arrangement behind the theme : All the horn play the upbeat like ska horns !!

But it's impossible to say if this particulary arrangement has an influence on the great Don Drummond !

But that's sure that Ska/reggae are connected with Jazz ! Thanks for your article :)

[Jenny]

Thanks for the thoughtful and informative article on reggae and ska. I play jazz and reggae gigs, and often don't tell jazz musicians that I played with Burning Spear, Dennis Brown, Alton Ellis, etc. because they just look at me with indifference.

[Bill Smith]

Thank you for your insight to the early Jamaican Ska and Reggae scene. I'm a big jazz fan but I also love early ska and reggae along with the soul music that influenced it early on.

[Marco Romano]

Pretty music that's all too taken for granted. West African Guinea beats show where roots reggae stems from. I love it all.